538 B.C. Cyrus, King of Persia, defeats the Babylonians. The exiled Hebrews, under the leadership of Zerubavel and later Ezra, returned to Jerusalem and built the Second Temple. 332 B.C. The Greeks under Alexander the Great conquers the Judean Kingdom.
63 B.C. Pompey conquered Jerusalem and the Roman period began. In the year 70 after a 4 year rebellion against the Romans, the Second Temple was destroyed and the Jewish citizens were forced to leave the city once again.